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Works Cited:
Sherman, Joseph. The Cold War. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 2003.
1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28th. This leads to the outbreak of the first World War. It is also a direct cause of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the appearance of Russia as the first communist state.
1917: The Bolshevik Revolution continues with immense chaos and violence in Russia. The Russian communist party gains control and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed along with the Red Army. Lenin tries to negotiate peace with Western nations.
1922-1928: Bolsheviks win the Russian Civil War and the Soviet Unions comes into existence. Vladmir Lenin dies from a stroke attack and Joseph Stalin takes his place.
1939: Outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939.
1945: Discussions on the post-war conditions and intentions of America and Soviet Union take place at the Yalta Conference. US president Harry Truman announces America’s possession of nuclear arms. On August 6th, Harry Truman gives allowance for the bombing the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an atomic bomb.
1946: Civil wars are occurring around the world. China continues in the Chinese Civil War between Nationalists and Communists. Greek Civil War also rekindles between the communists and conservatives in Greece. Meanwhile, US prepares its troops around the world.
1949: In resistance to the communist expansion, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is founded by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, Portugal, UK and USA.
1951: War over Seoul. Chinese soldiers capture Seoul on January 4th, but UN forces regain control on March 14th later in the same year.
1953: Eisenhower becomes new president of USA in January. Stalin dies in March and Khrushchev becomes the successive ruler of the Soviet Communist Party.
1955: The Baghdad Pact is founded by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and UK in order to resist communist expansion in the Middle East.
1961: John F. Kennedy becomes next president of USA. Soviets build the Berlin Wall to segregate East Germany and West Germany. Soviets successfully test the Tsar Bomb.
1963: Kennedy is assassinated and Lyndon B. Johnson becomes next US president.
1964: USA and Soviet leaders plan to cut back on nuclear arms. China tests its first atomic bomb later in October.
1969: Richard M. Nixon becomes president of USA. US troops are withdrawn from Vietnam.
1972: Nixon becomes first American president to visit China.
1981: Ronald Reagan becomes the next American president.
1985: Mikhael Gorbachev becomes ruling Soviet leader. On August 6th leaders around the world condole the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima.
1992: American president George H. W. Bush and president Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federal officially announce the end of the Cold War.
понедельник, 23 мая 2011 г.
вторник, 3 мая 2011 г.
Viagra, Revatio
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DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: It has been estimated that impotence (erectile dysfunction, ED) affects 140 million men worldwide. Over half of all men with impotence are thought to have some physical (medical) cause. The remainder are believed to have psychogenic causes of impotence. Medical causes of impotence include diabetes and circulatory, neurological, or urological conditions.
Penile erection is caused by the engorgement of the penis with blood. This engorgement occurs when the blood vessels delivering blood to the penis increase the delivery of blood and the blood vessels carrying blood away from the penis decrease the removal of blood. Under normal conditions, sexual stimulation leads to the production and release of nitric oxide in the penis. Nitric oxide then activates the enzyme, guanylate cyclase, which causes the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It is the cGMP that is primarily responsible for the erection by affecting the amount of blood that the blood vessels deliver and remove from the penis.
Sildenafil also reduces the pressure in the pulmonary artery in a serious condition called pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Sildenafil inhibits an enzyme called phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) which destroys the cGMP. Thus, sildenafil prevents the destruction of cGMP and allows cGMP to accumulate and persist longer. The longer cGMP persists, the more prolonged the engorgement of the penis.
PRESCRIPTION: Yes
GENERIC AVAILABLE: No
PREPARATIONS: cheap cialis is a blue, film-coated, rounded, diamond-shaped tablet that comes in 25, 50, and 100 mg tablets for treating impotence. Revatio comes in a 20 mg tablet and is used for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.
STORAGE: Tablets should be kept at room temperature, 15- 30 C (59-86 F).
PRESCRIBED FOR: Sildenafil is used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction of either organic (medical condition) or psychogenic (psychological) cause and for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
DOSING: Sildenafil is rapidly absorbed. Maximum observed plasma concentrations are reached within 30 to 120 minutes (median 60 minutes) of oral dosing in the fasted state. When sildenafil is taken with a high fat meal, the rate of absorption is reduced, with an average delay in the time to maximal concentration of 1 hour.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Sildenafil increases the effects of the blood pressure lowering medications. It also increases the blood pressure lowering effects of nitrates, for example, isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil), isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket),nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur, Transderm-Nitro) that are used primarily for treating angina. Patients taking nitrates should not receive sildenafil.
Patients should not combine sildenafil with Revatio (another form of sildenafil) or other PDE5 inhibitors (for example, vardenafil [Levitra], tadalafil [Cialis]).
Cimetidine (Tagamet), erythromycin, ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox) and mibefradil (Posicor) can cause marked increases in the amount of sildenafil in the body. Patients taking these medications should be observed carefully if sildenafil is used.
It is expected that rifampin will decrease blood levels of sildenafil and probably reduce its effectiveness.
PREGNANCY: Although extensive testing in animals has demonstrated no negative effects on the fetus, sildenafil has not been studied in pregnant women. There is no effect on sperm count or motility of sperm in men.
NURSING MOTHERS: It is not known whether sildenafil is excreted into breast milk.
SIDE EFFECTS: Approximately 15% of persons taking sildenafil experience side effects. The most common side effects are facial flushing (1 in 10), headaches (1 in 6), stomach pain, nasal congestion, nausea, diarrhea, and an inability to differentiate between the colors green and blue. Rare cases of sudden loss of hearing have been reported with phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil, sometimes with ringing in the ears anddizziness. If changes in hearing occur, patients should discontinue their sildenafil and seek immediate medical attention
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: It has been estimated that impotence (erectile dysfunction, ED) affects 140 million men worldwide. Over half of all men with impotence are thought to have some physical (medical) cause. The remainder are believed to have psychogenic causes of impotence. Medical causes of impotence include diabetes and circulatory, neurological, or urological conditions.
Penile erection is caused by the engorgement of the penis with blood. This engorgement occurs when the blood vessels delivering blood to the penis increase the delivery of blood and the blood vessels carrying blood away from the penis decrease the removal of blood. Under normal conditions, sexual stimulation leads to the production and release of nitric oxide in the penis. Nitric oxide then activates the enzyme, guanylate cyclase, which causes the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It is the cGMP that is primarily responsible for the erection by affecting the amount of blood that the blood vessels deliver and remove from the penis.
Sildenafil also reduces the pressure in the pulmonary artery in a serious condition called pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Sildenafil inhibits an enzyme called phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) which destroys the cGMP. Thus, sildenafil prevents the destruction of cGMP and allows cGMP to accumulate and persist longer. The longer cGMP persists, the more prolonged the engorgement of the penis.
PRESCRIPTION: Yes
GENERIC AVAILABLE: No
PREPARATIONS: cheap cialis is a blue, film-coated, rounded, diamond-shaped tablet that comes in 25, 50, and 100 mg tablets for treating impotence. Revatio comes in a 20 mg tablet and is used for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.
STORAGE: Tablets should be kept at room temperature, 15- 30 C (59-86 F).
PRESCRIBED FOR: Sildenafil is used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction of either organic (medical condition) or psychogenic (psychological) cause and for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
DOSING: Sildenafil is rapidly absorbed. Maximum observed plasma concentrations are reached within 30 to 120 minutes (median 60 minutes) of oral dosing in the fasted state. When sildenafil is taken with a high fat meal, the rate of absorption is reduced, with an average delay in the time to maximal concentration of 1 hour.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Sildenafil increases the effects of the blood pressure lowering medications. It also increases the blood pressure lowering effects of nitrates, for example, isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil), isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket),nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur, Transderm-Nitro) that are used primarily for treating angina. Patients taking nitrates should not receive sildenafil.
Patients should not combine sildenafil with Revatio (another form of sildenafil) or other PDE5 inhibitors (for example, vardenafil [Levitra], tadalafil [Cialis]).
Cimetidine (Tagamet), erythromycin, ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox) and mibefradil (Posicor) can cause marked increases in the amount of sildenafil in the body. Patients taking these medications should be observed carefully if sildenafil is used.
It is expected that rifampin will decrease blood levels of sildenafil and probably reduce its effectiveness.
PREGNANCY: Although extensive testing in animals has demonstrated no negative effects on the fetus, sildenafil has not been studied in pregnant women. There is no effect on sperm count or motility of sperm in men.
NURSING MOTHERS: It is not known whether sildenafil is excreted into breast milk.
SIDE EFFECTS: Approximately 15% of persons taking sildenafil experience side effects. The most common side effects are facial flushing (1 in 10), headaches (1 in 6), stomach pain, nasal congestion, nausea, diarrhea, and an inability to differentiate between the colors green and blue. Rare cases of sudden loss of hearing have been reported with phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil, sometimes with ringing in the ears anddizziness. If changes in hearing occur, patients should discontinue their sildenafil and seek immediate medical attention
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